IMP IMP-Bioinformatics TEM at IMP-Bioinformatics
Home Initium Angiogenesis
FAQ  

Functional Classification of Extracellular TEM

 INVOLVEMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR TEMs IN POLICING STEPS OF ANGIOGENESIS 
general context signaling
- extracellular signaling factors:
  • TGFbeta3= TEM39
  • Dkk-3= TEM4
  • Transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF beta3, TEM39) is essential in endothelial-mesenchymal transformation. It is known to increase proteolytic activity, collagen deposition, and cellular proliferation.
  • Dkk-3 (TEM4) is proposed to antagonize Wnt action. The rat orthologue of Dkk-3 is an essential iodothyronine binding subunit of D2, a membrane-bound deiodination enzyme involved in tissue-specific modulation of thyroid hormone action. In the nervous system, thyroid hormones are involved in the interpretation of guidance cues during migration. As the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily is involved in the regulation of the transforming growth factor-beta system, a functional link between TEM39 and TEM4 upregulation is not excluded.
INVOLVEMENT OF TEMs IN EXECUTIVE STEPS OF ANGIOGENESIS AND THEIR REGULATION
ECM- & BM- deposition and remodeling
- proteases and inhibitors
  • MMPs:
    • MMP-11= TEM6
    • MMP-2= TEM7
  • protease inhibitors:
    • cystatin= TEM14
- ECM deposition
  • Collagen I alpha2= TEM10= TEM20= TEM40
  • Collagen VI alpha3= TEM12
  • Collagen III alpha1= TEM15
  • Slit-3= TEM27
  • Collagen XII alpha1= TEM36
  • lumican= TEM37
  • Collagen I alpha1= TEM23=TEM38
  • BMP-1= TEM25
- (basement membrane) BM deposition
  • nidogen= TEM11
  • Collagen IV alpha1= TEM31_1= PEM59
  • Collagen IV alpha2= PEM14
  • BMP-1= TEM25
  • MMP-2 (TEM7) contributes to endothelial cell invasion by degrading extracellular matrix barriers and by triggering signaling pathways that promote or stabilize the angiogenic phenotype. MMP-2 has been shown to degrade gelatin, laminin, and nidogen, native type I collagen, to activate proteolytically MMP-9 and MMP-13, and to modify biological functions of ECM proteins and, thus, influence endothelial cell behavior.
  • MMP-11 (TEM6) is potentially involved in remodeling of the extracellular matrix, though matrix degradation by MMP-11 is less efficient. Additionally, MMP-11 may function through release of growth factors from the ECM.
  • Cystatin (TEM14) is a cysteine proteinase inhibitor regulating the activities of cathepsins. Indications for its functional role in angiogenesis are circumvential: cathepsins B, H and L have been shown to participate in processes of tumor growth, vascularization, invasion and metastasis.
  • COLLAGENS: Interstitial collagens like type I (TEM10= TEM20= TEM40, TEM23=TEM38) and type III(TEM15) are major constituents of the extracellular matrix (ECM) supporting body structure. FACIT (fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices) collagens such as type XII (TEM36) associate with the surfaces of fibril collagens and modify their interactive properties.
  • BMP-1 (TEM25) is involved in the processing of the fibrillar matrix components type I-III procollagens and, thus, facilitates fibrillar collagen matrix assembly.
  • Slit3 (TEM27) is proposed to be involved in mediating protein-protein and ECM-protein interactions in cell migration by linking multiple ligands.
  • Lumican (TEM37) functions in collagen fibrillogenesis by regulate interfibrillar distances and, thereby, establishing the exact topology of fibrillar collagens in tissues.
  • The major molecular constituents of basement membranes are collagen IV, laminin, nidogen, and proteoglycans. Collagen IV alpha1 (PEM59, TEM31_1) and alpha2 (PEM14, 4-5 fold upregulation in tumor endothelium) molecules form a cross-linked tight network.
  • Nidogen (TEM11) bridges laminin (nidogen-G3-domain mediated) and various other components to type IV collagen (nidogen-G2-domain mediated). It is considered to be essential for positioning during axon migration.
  • BMP-1 (TEM25) is involved in the processing of the basement membrane component laminin 5 and, thus, facilitates fibrillar collagen matrix assembly.
 
  • protein fragment of extracellular domain containing proteins (TEM19, TEM41)
  • The partial sequence of TEM19 is hinting on a transmembrane or extracellular protein with relation to adhesion.
  • The deduced TEM41 is fragmentary. From the known segment the protein is proposed to be extracellular.
  • undetermined protein sequences (TEM3, TEM18, TEM26, TEM29, TEM32, TEM33, TEM34, TEM43, TEM44)
 


Author: Maria Novatchkova (novatchkova@imp.ac.at)
Last modified: Jan 2001