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Angiogenesis

List of -TEMs -PEMs -NEMs

TEMs TEM1 TEM2 TEM3 TEM4 TEM5 TEM6 TEM7 TEM8 TEM9 TEM10 TEM11 TEM12 TEM13 TEM14 TEM15 TEM16 TEM17 TEM18 TEM19 TEM20 TEM21_1 TEM21_2 TEM22 TEM23 TEM24 TEM25 TEM26 TEM27 TEM28 TEM29 TEM30 TEM31_1 TEM31_2 TEM32 TEM33 TEM34 TEM35 TEM36 TEM37 TEM38 TEM39 TEM40 TEM41 TEM42 TEM43 TEM44 TEM45 TEM46

Summary -Overview of TEMs -extracellular TEMs -intrac. & membrane TEMs -TEM tissue distribution

Supplementary -SAGE -Seq.analysis Methods

FAQ

Endothelial Contribution to Angiogenesis

Graphical overview showing the involvement of TEMs in cellular processes

This sequence-analytic study shows that the endothelial response to the angiogenic stimuli released by a tumor contibutes to the following cellular processes     controlling angiogenesis: general context signaling cell-cell communication transcriptional regulation     executing new vessel formation: ECM- & BM- deposition and remodeling cytoskeletal remodeling & related signaling adhesion endo- and exocytosis

Thus, the changes in endothelial mRNA expression are responsible for the executive steps of angiogensis including (extracellular matrix) ECM destruction, migration, control of new ECM deposition. Limited insight could be gained about angiogenesis initiation and control. The experimental approach implies that the expression profile represents an average of endothelial cells at different stages of angiogenesis.

	INVOLVEMENT OF TEMs IN POLICING STEPS OF ANGIOGENESIS
	general context signaling - extracellular signaling factors: TGFbeta3= TEM39 Dkk-3= TEM4 - G-protein signaling: Secretin family receptor (TEM9) RGS (PEM24= TEM42= RGS5) - small GTPases: Ras family small GTPases (TEM2)	Growth factors are involved in all stages of angiogenesis and induce collagen deposition, cellular proliferation, migration and morphogenetic events. In the particular context it is interesting that: 1) the transforming growth factor-beta system, which leads to expression of matrix components and enhanced proteolytic activity, is regulated by members of the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily; 2) Dkk-3 is potentially a thyroid hormone-binder involved in the modulation of thyroid hormone action; 3) TEM2 might show thyroid hormone-dependent expression. TEM9 is G-protein coupled receptor for a yet unknown peptide/protein. TEM42 is a G-protein signaling regulator; thus, a functional link between the coexpressed TEM9 and TEM42 cannot be excluded.
	cell-cell communication Connexin45= TEM35	Gap-junctional intercellular coupling is necessary for the coordination of endothelial cells during angiogenesis. The reconstitution of cell-cell communications is of particular importance in the final steps of regeneration of the vascular network.
	transcriptional regulation Heyl= TEM8	A function for Hairy/E(SPL) transcription factors in angiogenesis is well established.
	INVOLVEMENT OF TEMs IN EXECUTIVE STEPS OF ANGIOGENESIS AND THEIR REGULATION
	ECM- & BM- deposition and remodeling - proteases and inhibitors MMPs: MMP-11= TEM6 MMP-2= TEM7 protease inhibitors: cystatin= TEM14 - ECM deposition Collagen I alpha2= TEM10= TEM20= TEM40 Collagen VI alpha3= TEM12 Collagen III alpha1= TEM15 Slit-3= TEM27 Collagen XII alpha1= TEM36 lumican= TEM37 Collagen I alpha1= TEM23=TEM38 BMP-1= TEM25 - (basement membrane) BM deposition nidogen= TEM11 Collagen IV alpha1= TEM31_1= PEM59 Collagen IV alpha2= PEM14 BMP-1= TEM25	ECM- & BM- deposition and remodeling in the course of angiogenesis 1. In early angiogenesis activated endothelial cells penetrate the basement membrane and invade the ECM surrounding the existing vessel. Proteases, such as matrix metalloproteases, mediate the degradation of ECM components, activate latent growth factors or release them from their ECM binding sites. 2. A step of chemotactic migration follows. 3. Molecular coupling events are followed by lumen formation, basement membrane generation, pericyte recruitment and vessel maturation. In late angiogenesis the basement membrane is tightly bound to cells comprising the vessel wall, provides inductive signals, and plays a important role in the homeostasis of newly formed vessels. Basal lamina deposition is potentially implicated in early as well as late angiogenic stages. The process of angiogenesis involves alternating cycles of temporally and spacially regulated ECM synthesis and degradation. Proteins of the ECM can be deposited relatively early in angiogenesis e.g. fibronectin, as well as late in the differentiation phase e.g. collagen IV. Among the ECM constituents collagens, are associated best with in vivo angiogenesis.
	cytoskeletal remodeling & related signaling TEM5 TEM16 TEM24 TEM28 (TEM21_2) (Tropomyosin= TEM45)	During the step of chemotactic migration endothelial cells repeatedly extend flexible protrusions from the cell body. The long filopodial-like cellular processes migrate along extracellular matrix components into the interstitial space. The listed TEMs are potential key participants in the signaling pathways that feedback from integrins to modulate the cytoskeleton. Additionally they might signal to the nucleus, via Rho family or MAPK pathways. The sequence analysis of TEM5, a RhoGEF, points at a potential link to MAPK signaling (possibly JNK). TEM24 has been implicated in JNK/SAPK regulation as well. Additionally Rho proteins, Rac and Cdc42, are known to regulate the activity of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK). There is limited information on how G proteins are activated by cell surface receptors, as GPCR,cytokine and TGFbeta receptors. Interestingly G proteins and MAPKs, are also involved in the downstream signaling of TGF-beta family members besides Smad(TEM39).
	adhesion Integrin alpha1= TEM30 Thy-1= TEM13 TEM17	Integrins as the main adhesion and migration receptors of cells provide the information about the surrounding environment and regulate cell migration. TEM17 is a potential type I membrane protein with similarity to protein-families which have been implicated in axon migration. Thy-1 (TEM13) is a GPI-anchored protein having a role in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and differentiation.
	endo- and exocytosis Endosialin= TEM1 uPARAP= TEM22 Peanut-like= TEM46	Endocytic receptors as uPARAP have been implicated in the process of focused proteolysis (uPAR-system). TEM1 might function in the internalization of a yet unknown ligand potentially supplied by blood cells. Peanut (TEM46) is a septin with a potential positive and/or a negative role in exocytosis.

From the 46 TEM SAGE-tags		In 8 cases, the protein was intracellular (2, 5, 8, 16, 24, 28, 42, 46). This class is of highest interest and contains 3 unknown proteins with a potential integrative functions in matrix-cytoskeleton interaction and signaling, 3 proteins that have not been associated to the respective tags by Croix et al (8, 24, 42), and one protein that is not reliably linked to the tag (TEM45= tropomyosin 1).
		In 17 cases, the protein was extracellular, out of these: 3 tags were derived from collagen alpha2 (I) (10,20,40) 2 tags were derived from collagen alpha1 (I) (23,38) and 1 protein has not been associated to the respective tag by Croix et al (35)
		In 8 cases, the protein was transmembrane or membrane-attached (1, 3, 9, 13, 17, 22, 30, 35)
		In 2 cases, a partial protein sequence was found that contains an extracellular domain (19, 41), and has not been associated to the respective tags by Croix et al
		In 2 cases, two genes would fit the tag (21, 31)
		In 1 case, only a unreliable tag to gene assignment could be made (45)
		In 8 cases, a protein sequence could not be found (18, 26, 29, 32, 33, 34, 43, 44)